No topic Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 11

No topic - Essay Example God is viewed holy and perfect and as a person who has established high standards for perfection for humanity. The reformers saw it insufficient due to the fact that it was referenced to God’s honor as opposed to his holiness and justice. The medieval notion was that punishment of sin had to involve bloodshed. The reformers believed that Christ died for man as he took his sins and bore them for him. Through bearing of man’s sins, Christ is believed to take the punishment from them and deliver the believers free from the demands of the law. This is a clear indication that the holiness of God and the righteousness of the law are satisfied by his substation. There are relevant scriptures including Isaiah 53: 12 â€Å"yet he bore sins of many, and mistakes intercession for the transgressors.† And Isaiah 53: 6 â€Å"the lord has laid equality of us all.† The Penal substitution theory assumes that God is infinite, minor human sins are an infinite debt to him. This can only be cancelled through infinite satisfaction through the death of Jesus Christ. The belief that God’s need to seek justice is so strong that he would only demand satisfaction through the death of an innocent person is an assumpt ion that modern readers would reject. With reference to John Scott’s classic work â€Å"The cross of Christ†, he tries to offer a deeper understanding of satisfaction with his fifth chapter â€Å"satisfaction for sin†. He argues that the cross was necessary due to the fact that God had to satisfy himself in the way of salvation. Scoot uses this chapter to analyze that the death of Jesus Christ on the cross was necessary for satisfaction. This is a statement that most people affirm to. However, the nature of satisfaction has been a subject of debate throughout the history of the church. He looks at different methods to which the theologians believe as the method God used to forgive the sins of mankind (Stott 120). Other speak of satisfying God’s law,

Panasonic supply chain security Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Panasonic supply chain security - Essay Example As Arway states (34), the security of good during the transportation of goods ensure that they are not subject to malicious actions such as theft and terrorism. The engagement of a system to protect not only the goods but the staff involved in the transit of goods ensures that the organization's operations are secure and any threats are mitigated. This is a fundamental requirement for any organization that intends to remain profitable in the market must bear in mind. Panasonic employs technology to ensure security of goods in transport in various ways. First, the organization provides a sustained surveillance and monitoring system to ensure that both the employees and the goods are safe especially in high traffic areas that are sensitive to criminal acts. The system has a provision to scan the faces if the staff involved in the transportation process and keep a survey if any interrupting person gets in the transport vehicle. This system ensures that only the authorized members are al lowed into the vehicle. Any extra person getting in the vehicle will be detected and the system will trigger an alarm to notify about the intrusion. Consequently, any entry of unauthorized systems will be captured and the staff will be prompted to respond to the intrusion as necessary (Burges 49). This is a critical dimension of security that contributes to safety during the transportation stage of the supply chain. The organization has also paid attention to cargo management as a prerequisite to ensure that the safety of the cargo is maintained all through the transportation journey. Panasonic has developed the Panasonic Toughbook gadget that helps to monitor and track the location of the products that are being carried either by a train, a plane or even an ordinary vehicle. The transportation stage is usually subject to a lot of external threats and the knowledge of a cargo location is a vital aspect of the security of cargos. For instance, often, gangsters may take a cargo and di vert it away to a different location (Panasonic). In such a case, the managers will monitor the location of the cargo and if it diverts away from the predetermined route, a security response can be initiated to secure the cargo, hence avoiding the consequential loss that is likely to occur in the event of such an attack. The Toughbook Computer enhances mobile computers have feature to ensure that the management staff can be able to monitor goods from the time they are loaded into the vehicle up to the moment they are offloaded at the destination of the vehicle. This security measure helps to guarantee to a great percentage the safety of goods and to ensure that the entire load arrives at its destination safe and sound. Inspection solution is another way that Panasonic provides security to its clients during a transportation process. Software driven Toughbook mobile computers is an innovative method of securing sustenance during transportation of goods. The gadget is GPS enabled and has a wireless connection to ensure remote connectivity and monitoring of large trucks or mobile vehicles that are likely to cause damage to the cargo on its way to its destination. The development of this system is such that the system will approximate the distance of the cargo from a threat accident and provide a warning precautionary measure that helps the driver to avoid or take a proactive action to avoid possible damages (Panasonic). Apart

The use of child labour to maximise profits

The use of child labour to maximise profits Many companies agree that  maximising profit is a key aspect of their  business objectives. To what extent, then, is it justifiable for them to utilise child labour in carrying out this goal? (3153 words). In this paper, the main focus will be on child labour and the issues surrounding the topic. I will consider how businesses behave in regards to child labour, both from a business and an ethical point of view. There are two key arguments; should businesses utilise cheap labour to lower production costs? Or do they have a duty of care in order to prevent children being exploited within their business? For the purpose of this essay I will examine various theories in conjunction with how businesses apply them. For example, I will analyse the Milton Friedman theory of business, in regards to multinational companies, and how it affects their behaviour towards child labour. Other theories to be considered include Marxism, Egoism and Ethics of Right. In conclusion I will assess how companies behave towards the issue of child labour; as an ethical and financial advantage, or as an unethical view. I will also give contemporary examples of child employment. Often child labour is confused with child work but Whittaker claims that there is a clear distinction. For example, a child performing a newspaper delivery before going to school is a child worker: This is because there is no economic compulsion forcing the child into employment. Rather the child keeps his wages and spends them on such peer group necessities as the latest style jeans, records or, increasingly, videos and home computers. By and large nobody forces him to go to work. (1986, p20) Lavalette (1994, p.8) However, child labour is defined as: Work which does not take place under such relatively idyllic conditions. It is defined as having an element of economic compulsion associated with it and, according to Fyfe, involves time and energy commitment which affects childrens ability to participate in leisure, play and educational activities. Finally, child labour is work which impairs the health and development of children (Fyfe 1989, p4) Lavalette (1994, p.8) Michael Lavalette (1994) explains that child labour exists because of two reasons: Children are an example of a reserve army of labour, drawn into the labour market when it is tight to provide extra labour power. Lavalette (1994, p.2) This suggests that when labour is in high demand and there are insufficient adult workers, businesses tend to use children as a back up. Secondly, Children work in backward regions of the economy where unemployment is highest and poverty most severe. In these circumstances children work to alleviate their familys hardship. Lavalette (1994, p.2) This means that child employment occurs mainly in poverty and where the children have to support their family financially. Many people frown upon this exploitation of children. But one must consider to what extent is child employment justified? Many children in poverty try to avoid stressors such as violence, sexual or emotional abuse. One of the easiest ways for children to avoid these stressors is by engaging in active labour. Thus, from a childs point of view, it can be justified for children should work to in order to avoid being emotionally, sexually or violently abused. Consideration must be given to the employers view. Due to globalisation, outsourcing has become a trend in businesses. By outsourcing, it is possible for firms to exploit wage differentials around the world. This then allows for production at a much lower cost, and therefore maximises business profit. However, this approach is argued to be very unethical and shows how profit driven business objectives relate to the the Milton Friedman concept: Friedman argued that the social responsibility of business is to seek profits for the stockholders Bowie (2002, p.2) This indirectly suggests that in order to lower costs and to promote profit maximising prospects that arise with globalisation, businesses need to take advantage of these global opportunities, otherwise they may be forced out of the market by other competitive firms, Globalization and liberalization of markets and intensifying competition in commodity markets have increased demand for labour in developing countries. There has been a significant outsourcing of economic production from the developed countries to the developing countries due to globalization. Anon (1982, p.5) This further supports that The successful quest for cheaper labour implies child labour. Rahikainen (2004, p.210) This gives further weight to the argument that Children are the most subordinate and cheapest form of labour, thus highly attractive to some types of employer Fyfe (1989, p. 17) All of the quotes above interlink with each other to explain why companies use children as a cheap form of labour. The levels of child exploitation and oppression are significantly higher where there is no, or limited, regulation for childrens labour market activities, where legal requirements are easily and consistently ignored Lavalette (1994, p.13) The majority of companies believe survival is essential in a globalised economy and therefore they exploit these conditions to fulfil outsourcing opportunities, because they. The majority of child labour is said to occur in Asia. Save The Children estimates that 61% of working children live in Asia Youth Information (accessed 25 April 2009) Labour-intensive consumer-goods industries increased productivity by pressing the advantages of the division of labour, and cut wage costs by the extensive employment of women and children. Rahikainen (2004, p. 32) Some children are exploited to do certain adult jobs because they can perform the task more effectively and efficiently In certain industries like copper making and electronic assembly, children are more skilful because of the dexterity of their small fingers. But children, because of their dependent position, are the most easily exploited of all workers Fyfe (1989, p.32) The world of work (employers and other unscrupulous people) seems to pull children because they are very cheap and obedient, can be easily exploited, do certain things more efficiently and effectively which adults fail to do (e.g. Nimble Fingers). Herath and Sharma (2007, p.56) This is a way of decreasing wage costs because children are doing adult work, but are not being paid the adult wage. The managers are able to exert more control and authority over children, because they are less likely to retaliate in comparison to adult workers who are aware of their employment rights. This is very money driven based business and can be related to the ethical theory of consequnetialist, a consequence based approach, the egoism theory. Egoism refers, in terms of philosophy, to theories in which self-interest is regarded as the principal motivating factor Encarta (2009) Which in this case the self interest would be profit. This can relate to child labour as all they care about is lowering costs and increasing sales to increase profit not human rights of children. This deduces that they ARE self motivated by money (self interest) hence following the egoism theory. However Lavalette stated that Fyfe and Whittaker suggested Child labour can be either good or bad depending on the context in which it takes place Lavalette (1994, p. 8) Businesses can see child labour to be an advantage not only because of lower costs, but as it is taking children off the streets. They support children by providing a job and maybe even benefits (depending on the company). This gives the company an ethically moral image because they are seen to be providing child employees with basic needs. This helps the children lead a healthy life, which they may not receive by living on the streets. Where children are individually employed, they may be paid in kind, receiving board and lodging in the household of their employer Anon (1982, p. 480) Moreover, by companies not employing children, there is a danger that they could be out on the streets and involved in prostitution, drugs or crime. Those underage who would be saved from child labour for example, from working on carpets or footballs could be driven into prostitution or destitution. Munck (2002, p.130) And as a result of employing children it is shown that Child labours are better off than a great number of children elsewhere who do not work, but who do not eat Lavalette (1994, p.44) However not all child employees live on the street, some also hold the responsibility of their familys well being instead. Poverty forces families to send their children out to scratch whatever meagre living they can to help the family survive Lavalette (1994, p.13) Moreover, this supports that Childrens income is frequently far from supplementary: they may be de facto breadwinners, supporting other members of their family Anon (1982, p. 487) Furthermore, it gives the employer the image that they are helping children who have the burden of caring for their families. Furthermore, this extends the good corporate image, which, as a result could increase sales. This is because there is a greater awareness of this exploitation, but some see the advantages for the children and therefore promote the cause by purchasing the products to keep the children in a job and not in poverty or on the streets. However peoples perspective tends to differ. Proscribing child labour in the south without compensation would lower the living standards of those who are already desperately poor. Munck (2002, p.130) This give weight to the idea that all the advantages that both businesses and children gain from child labour, whether it keeps children off the streets or to support their family, or businesses gaining cheap labour would be removed by legislation to abolish child labour. This is not necessarily the right thing to do depending on what peoples perceptions are; whether children need to survive through active employment, or the fact that they are just children and that they should live like a child and not be required to undertake the stresses and physical damage working does to a child. This leads onto the next argument, that companies should help abolish child exploitation and should hold ethical and social responsibilities. Some companies avoid child labour because they want to be known as socially responsible. An example; GAP, in October 2007 a ten year old was found in the back streets in New Delhi the conditions were quoted by the Observer to be close to slavery, he was sold by his parents to the sweatshop making gap toddler clothing. But as Gap wants to be known as socially responsible their policy they enforced was: that if it discovers children being used by contractors to make its clothes that contractor must remove the child from the workplace, provide it with access to schooling and a wage, and guarantee the opportunity of work on reaching a legal working age. McDougall (2007) The only reason that this unethical employment of children wasnt revealed any sooner to Gap was that they were subcontracting companies who hired child labour however they did say that they still hold fully responsible; After learning of this situation, we immediately took steps to stop this work order and to prevent the product from ever being sold in our stores. McDougall (2007) In recent years Gap has made efforts to rebrand itself as a leader in ethical and socially responsible manufacturing, after previously being criticised for practices including the use of child labour. McDougall (2007) This is an example of taking corporate social responsibility which gives the company a better image. Other revelations of companies associated with child labour include Primark which took actions and decided not to trade with the suppliers anymore and took their clothing off the shelf. Nike also established rules to increase the minimum age workers to 18 in Asian footwear factories and to offer free educational classes and to improve the air quality of the plants. However, There is ample evidence that child-wage labourers continue to work even when minimum age legislation exists. Fyfe (1989, p.17) This shows that some businesses are not socially responsible and breaching the Acts provided to protect the children from exploitation, and therefore should follow the steps to correct their actions. This could be what Karl Marx proposed in The Communist Manifesto: Free education for all children in public schools. Abolition of childrens factory labor in its present form. Combination of education with industrial production, etc. Marx (1884) His view was simple in that all companies should abolish child labour and children should be entitled to have free education and by following and providing this, it would help offset the businesss image as child employers to an image of socially and ethically responsible. Additionally the company should take care when sub-contracting to make sure that no child labour is associated with them and not just within its own business. It is small scale enterprises or sweatshops, often operating as subcontractors to larger enterprises, that are most adept at avoiding the usually inadequate factory inspectorate Fyfe (1989, p. 17) Even though large companies are against breaching human rights they still need to look carefully at who they are contracting. An ethical policy that should be pursued by companies is ethics of rights, which states that every human being has basic rights and freedoms that they are entitled to from birth and should be respected by others in every way. If an individual has a moral right, then it is morally wrong to interfere with that right even if large numbers of people would benefit from such interference. Velasquez et all (1990) By exploiting human rights, the corporate image perceived by potential customers would be lacking of corporate social responsibilities. This can have an adverse effect in the number of sales. Moreover, in the short term by exploiting human rights and employing children could lower costs, but the longer term consequence of this approach could lowers sales figures. This could be that customers disregard any product that hasnt been fairly made or is unethical. Therefore, by employing children, it does not give a large margin of advantages. This matter of exploitation could also attract protestors or agencies that are all about protecting children, for example UNICEF. They can create a bad image for the business. This can attract the media and possibly authorities leading to fines and prosecution of breaching Acts. For example, the Children and Young Persons Act 1933. On another point, employing children is cheap but the efficiency and quality of the work is sometimes not up to the minimum standard depending on the work so technically the company loses out by quality hence sales figures are affected. Children who undertake adult work tasks: do not possess the physical and mental capacity that these jobs call for, and their work is usually done less efficiently than if it were performed by an adult Lavalette (1994, p.44) This depends on the jobs but in this case I refer to the job being hard manual work. There are many disadvantages for a child starting work at an early age Child labourers are usually dismissed once they become adults, forcing them to join ranks of the unemployed. The low-level skills they have gained are often insufficient to allow them to obtain further paid employment Herath and Sharma (2007, p. 39) Even though the children are being fed it does not mean that they are living a healthy life. In 28 countries, the average per capita intake of calories is 73 to 89 per cent of what is required but it is lower for the poorer segment of the population, from which most working children come, even though their work raises their nutritional requirements. Working children also become more susceptible to infectious diseases including tuberculosis, if they suffer from malnutrition, anaemia, fatigue and inadequate sleep. Fyfe (1989, p. 21) Child labour causes not only loss of formal education and human capital but also the lack of social and cognitive skills and increased health hazards Herath and Sharma (2007, p. 18) It is argued that every child should have a childhood where they play and to be educated to better their future. Children are not little adults their fundamental right is to childhood itself Fyfe (1993, p. 5) Businesses should help their child employees found within the business to clear their name and their image that are perceived to be by the public. This should include free education and any other actions to correct this exploitation this will in the long run help with the corporate image and sales and potential employees in the future. In conclusion children are among the most vulnerable and powerless and continue to be exploited as part of a downward push on costs and a rapid withering of decent, formal employment. Solidarity Center (2008) There seems to be ample evidence to support the school of thought that child employment is acceptable, because companies are keeping children off the streets, prostitution etc. Some businesses try to be labelled as socially responsible instead of child labourers as they strive to give good benefits such as the right health and safety measures, schooling, food and shelter and many others. However 2 questions that I find myself to ask: Does giving benefits make them socially respectable for still employing young children? Just because they are giving them benefits does that mean that it counteracts that children at a young age are being worked? Is this still ethically right that they have to work for education? (a basic right for any child). Does this remove the idea that they are child labours just because they give the children benefits? Another argument is that the businesses may claim they are giving all these benefits, but how do we know as part of the public that the businesses are carrying out these promises as we do not have an insight within the business? Overall, if companies argue that they are helping the children but are infringing on human rights in order to stay in the market with other competitors, it shows clearly that their aim is to compete with other companies and to gain maximum profit which shows how egoism theory of self interest (in this case profit) and Milton Friedmans theory of businesses work for profit only. This relates to the money driven mind and a lack of respect for human rights whatever the age. Such companies and should follow Karl Marx proposal and respect human rights. The loss in profits from abandoning child labour will be offset by an image of social responsibility which has a positive impact on sales. By giving benefits I dont believe that this makes the business socially acceptable, because children shouldnt have to work for basic entitlements. This is where the government should be involved and help to provide with these entitlements. In conclusion of the essay I have found that child labour effects business image mainly and which way it is perceived by the public in their own views of what is justifiable and what is not, is what affects sales which hence affects profits. Majority of the public think that child labour was abolished in 1989 but it is still continued to be found in the 21st century today in large multinational companies mainly and needs to be intervened by more enforcements by the government.

The Anti-Marijuana Advertising Campaign :: Research Essays

The Anti-Marijuana Advertising Campaign: Public Service Announcements or Public Disservice Announcements? For nearly one hundred and fifty years marijuana has been illegal in the United States of America. Though marijuana naturally grew in all of our fifty states, it was outlawed due the superior strength and durability of hemp rope. This threatened to replace cotton rope, which would cost wealthy cotton owners a lot of money. To this day marijuana is still outlawed in the U.S., however rope has nothing to do with it. Once slavery and the â€Å"cotton boom† were over hemp made a little bit of a comeback in a smoking form. Then, in the early 1940’s the government began releasing anti-marijuana propaganda. In the 1960’s when marijuana became popular amongst pop-culture, a movie by the name of â€Å"Reefer Madness† was released depicting marijuana users as fiends and criminals who’s normal everyday lives fell apart, and spun out of control due to the addiction to the drug. Even in the present day organizations, as well as the government, continue to try and sway people from using the substance by portraying users as irresponsible idiots. Some examples of behaviors portrayed in the commercials are: accidental shootings, running over a little girl on a bike, molesting a passed out girl, supporting terror, and impregnating/becoming impregnated. I feel that these advertisements are ridiculously tasteless and misleading. Through personal experience, surveys, an interview, and a case study I intend to prove that marijuana users do not behave in the fashion that the anti-marijuana campaign ads would suggest, and furthermore, I expect to find that the ads so grossly misrepresent the common user, even those who do not use disagree with the negative portrayals. I also challenge you to think about the suggested situations and behaviors from the commercials, I feel that you’ll see every situation and behavior in the advertisements is much more feasible to a person under the influence of alcohol than under the influence of marij uana. In order to test my theory I was going to need to use a few different methods of obtaining data. The first method is for me to just use past experiences from my own life. I use marijuana on a regular basis and have friends who do as well, so this is a good base for looking at how people act when using the substance.

Every culture has a different set of traits and habits

I agree with the first part of the article. Every culture has a different set of traits and habits. The norms which are considered common in one culture may be considered in-appropriate in other culture. For example in Western culture it’s normal to use credit card or open up personal information to vendors; which is not workable in Eastern societies that includes not only Egypt but India as well. The reason for such cultural attitude is the way business is done. In Eastern it is rare for two individual to do business to trust someone unless they know each other for some time.Thus the idea of pure business relation seems odd in East which is a normal thing in West. The reason for such cultural attitude is the status of economies in the East and West. The third world countries have under developed economies; and these societies are mix of socialistic and capitalist systems. And business is normally done in traditional ways long forgotten in the West. It’s natural in such environment to have lack of trust in e-commerce environment. Creating information societies where people are made aware of internet and the power of e-commerce would be one step in this directionThere may be come some improvement by opening up information; however cultural traits cannot be solved only by making information available. Cultural habits are developed over the course of centuries that will not wither away simply by informing people about internet. The Western societies have been developed through many centuries; which cannot take place over night in the east. In order to develop e-commerce environment; countries like Egypt need to invest in many areas; such as infrastructure, education and more importantly to develop consumer based economy.People in Egypt (and countries like Egypt) are under paid; wealth is very scarce to produce. In such environment people trust only those; whom they know personally, rather than trusting someone online which they have never met or seen . It would take lot of effort by developing countries to work on their economies making them more market oriented and create businesses and opportunities; only then it would be possible to change cultural habits.

Fun Loving Girl Essay

I have a grown daughter that is on her own with a very special little girl that has stolen my heart. They are most important in my life and always will be. Family is very important to me and I want to be with someone who also values family. This fun loving girl is ready to start taking care of her social life. I keep myself busy as a foster parent and sometimes forget that I need to get out and have some fun. I am a small town country girl who just likes to keep things simple. I work at a hunting lodge so stay very busy during the season. I love what I do and don’t consider it a job. I’ve grown up around guns and like to shoot at the range. Never been out hunting, but would like to see what it is all about†¦.. test the ‘if it flies, it dies’ theory. I shot clays for the first time last fall and really enjoyed it, so looking forward to doing that again. Love to go fishing (and yes, I can bait my own hook), just kicking back and taking it easy, spending time around the fire with friends having a few drinks and lots of laughs. I’d rather look at the stars and kiss in the rain than go to the mall. I like NASCAR and hope to get to a race someday. I think it would be awesome to take a car for a spin around the track too. Demo derbies, stock-car races, dirt track†¦. love the atmosphere. I haven’t been on the back of a bike in a very long time and have always wanted to learn to ride myself, so if you are into that, I am not opposed to having the wind in my hair. I enjoy rock from the 70’s, 80’s and 90’s and country. Never had much opportunity to learn how to two step but would like to learn. I like to go to out of the way places to look at the history, the old buildings and structures and remnants of the past that have been left behind. Antique stores and such are fun to explore and I like going to the local country auctions. I can always find something from the past that catches my eye. I’m looking for someone to enjoy life with†¦. Start out slow but have no limits to where it may go. I am a very affectionate girl who loves holding hands in public and giving hugs and kisses because that is how I like to show you that I care and I am really into you! I don’t have time to play games†¦.. unless, of course, they are mutually agreed upon. I am adventurous and passionate, so intimacy and romance is a must. You should know that I give like I want to get back and am looking for that special guy that does the same thing. You must have a great sense of humor! I love to laugh and can find humor in just about anything. I believe you have to laugh at yourself before you can laugh at someone else. And I laugh at myself every day! Laughter is a great healer and I try to surround myself with people who laug h at the smallest most ridiculous thing, and can also create their own humor. I am looking for someone to build a relationship with, that special friend to stand by my side through it all†¦the good and the bad. I want someone who also tries to keep a positive attitude in all things. I am determined to be happy, regardless of what life throws at me. I have learned through experience that the greatest part of my happiness will depend on my disposition, not my circumstances. I choose to be happy. I want someone to enjoy life with. I don’t need someone to change me or someone to change for me. I am who I am, I’m not perfect but I work through my imperfection to be a better person. Life is not certain so I live life with no regrets, I am who I am because of my life and don’t live in the past. I look forward to each new day and the adventure it brings. So if there is someone out there who is up to the task, I am ready to have fun. Here is our chance to maybe finding that spark for more. I am looking forward to meeting new people, forming lasting friendships, exploring life and the possibility of ultimately finding my soul mate. If you get what I’ve said here, then hit me up and we can get to know each other.

Pineapples as commodities essays

Pineapples as commodities essays Pineapples are a very important commodity that grows mostly in tropical climates. They are altered into many different things, from canned pineapple to pineapple juice, and it is a very profitable market. Even the enzyme found in pineapples, bromelain, is extracted and used for many different purposes. Pineapples are terrestrial plants that on average grow to be 2.5ft high to 5 feet high. The spread of the plant is about 4 feet, and they usually have leaves branching off of the stem that are pointed and range from 20-72 inches high, bearing spikes or some type of sharp piece at the end. During the blooming period of the plant, the stem elongates and produces a head of small red or purple flowers. These flowers are usually accompanied by a red, yellow, or green bract (bract: a leaf from the axil of which a flower or floral axis arises [Webster]). The pineapple plant then keeps on growing and forms the pineapple fruits, which join together and form the traditional pineapple shape. (Morton, 18) Pineapple cannot tolerate frost or prolonged cold exposure; hence it must be cultivated in the near costal areas around warmer climate and lower elevation. (Vaughan The pineapple plants fruit that it produces is a very juicy and fibrous fruit. It takes about a year and a half for the fruit to be produced by the pineapple plant. (Abernathy) The outer rind of the pineapple is very tough and waxy, in order to protect the nutrient plentiful and caloric insides of the fruit. The bombproof coating on the pineapple is usually hexagonally shaped, and often dark in color. The color ranges from a dark green/brownish color to a yellow or reddish color in certain types when fully ripened. The inner flesh is most often yellow or white. When ripe the pineapple will sound hollow when knocked upon, and also when freshly picked it is advised to let the fruit sit out for about a week, so it dries out properly. ...

The setting of a Christmas carol Essays

The setting of a Christmas carol Essays The setting of a Christmas carol Paper The setting of a Christmas carol Paper Essay Topic: A Christmas Carol How does Dickens set the scene for the appearance in Jacob Maryles Ghost in stave 1 of a Christmas carol? Dickens immediately sets the scene by writing a forceful, yet mysterious beginning to the first scene. Marley was dead to begin with The effect of this opening is startling and also shocking. This is a very unusual way to open a story. Also this is a question to his death, so he is dead but could come into the story later. Dickens exaggerates this point of that Marley is dead and is very repetitive in this manor. So this makes the reader ask themselves why the writer is doing this and repeating such a bold point. But then dickens puts the reader back into reality Old Marley was as dead as a doornail. So this reassures the reader that Marley is dead and also dickens has used a simile with alliteration. The use of alliteration emphasises the meanings of words so that the word compared to the object is bolder. Introduction. Charles Dickens was born in 1812. His father worked for the navy pay office. So Dickens s early life gave him plenty of chances to see life on and around the Thames. He attended a small school until he was eleven, when he and his family decided to move to London. His family contained himself, five other children and his mother and father. His father wasnt bringing enough money so his mother thought she could get a job but this was not meant to be. The family had to sell all the books they had collected and other valuable household items to a pawnshop. When Charles turned twelve so his parents where leased to find Charles a job at a blacking factory. This would be a very dirty un hygienic place to work but this was life. This was a big warehouse, which was decaying and full of rats. Paragraph 2. In the next scene of the book, dickens uses his second technique, which describes Scrooge by his physical features. Dickens describes scrooge so bad that he intends it for us to dislike scrooge, the type of description is so inhumane that we think of him as a creature. The cold within him froze his old features, nipped his pointed nose, shrivels his cheek, stiffened his gait, made his eyes red and made his thin lips blue. This helps the reader picture a disgusting and strange looking man who is incredible ungiving. Dickens describes Scrooge by writing what Scrooges action are. Scrooge never painted out old Marleys name therefor this could show that Scrooge is so stubborn to buy and paint the board outside of his business. Dickens also describes scrooge in a different way, which is when he uses a verb chain. This also describes scrooge in a bolder way so it portrays him in a meaner way. This is effective because this is exaggerated to the extreme, so that scrooge is discovered to be how mean he is. Scrooge is compared to an oyster and this is such a good comparison. This is because oysters have very hard ugly shells but they have a pearl, which is pretty inside. This could mean that scrooge has a outer shell which means hes argent, horrible and stubborn, but inside he could have a better giving side to him. Also the theme of redemption is introduced here because at Christmas people look back on the year and try to change the bad ways they have done, so the reader may be thinking of this. Paragraph 3 A further method by which Dickens prepares us for the ghostly vision of Marleys face on Scooges door is how he describes the setting outside Scrooges counting house. In the next scene dickens describes the setting of a Christmas carol. Dickens uses the fact that Marley is dead and describes the setting in an unusual way. First dickens describes the setting as dark, damp and gloomy. This is a very different contrast to a normal Christmas, which is light, snowy and sunny. The reader wonders why dickens does this, because this is totally opposite to what Christmas is really like. Another technique that dickens uses is personification It was cold, bleak, biting weather. This doesnt really happen because the cold isnt really biting scrooge its that it is so cold it feels as if you are being bitten.

How to Structure an Essay

How to Structure an Essay If youve been tasked with  writing an essay  for a class assignment, the project might seem daunting. However, your assignment doesnt have to be a hair-pulling, frazzled all-nighter. Think of writing an essay as if you were  making a hamburger. Imagine the parts of a burger:  Theres a bun (bread) on top and a bun on the bottom. In the middle, youll find the meat.   Your introduction is like the top bun announcing the subject, your supporting paragraphs are the beef in the middle, and your conclusion is the bottom bun, supporting everything. The condiments would be the specific  examples  and  illustrations  that can help to  clarify  key points and keep your writing interesting. (Who, after all, would eat a burger composed only of bread and beef?) Each part needs to be present: A soggy or missing bun would cause your fingers to slip immediately into the beef without being able to hold and enjoy the burger. But if your burger had no beef in the middle, youd be left with two dry pieces of bread. The Introduction Your  introductory paragraphs  introduce the reader to your topic. For example, you might choose to write an essay titled, Technology Is Changing Our Lives. Start your introduction with a  hook  that captures the readers attention: Technology is taking over our lives and changing the world. After you introduce your topic and draw the reader in, the most important part of your introductory paragraph(s) would be you  the main idea, or  thesis. The Little Seagull Handbook calls this a statement that introduces your main point, identifying your topic. Your thesis statement could read: Information technology has revolutionized the way we work. But, your topic can be more varied and may cover seemingly mundane subjects, such as this opening paragraph from  Mary Zeiglers  How to Catch River Crabs. Zeigler grabs the readers attention  from the first sentence: As a lifelong crabber (that is, one who catches crabs, not a chronic complainer), I can tell you that anyone who has patience and a great love for the river is qualified to join the ranks of crabbers.​ The final sentences of your introduction, then, would be a mini-outline of what your essay will cover. Dont use an outline form, but explain briefly all the key points you intend to discuss in narrative form. Supporting Paragraphs Extending the hamburger essay theme, the  supporting paragraphs  would be beef. These would include well-researched and logical points that support your thesis. The  topic sentence  of each paragraph might serve as the reference points of your mini-outline. The topic  sentence, which is often  at the beginning of a  paragraph, states or suggests the main idea (or  topic) of a paragraph. Bellevue College in Washington state shows how to write  four different supporting paragraphs on four different topics: a description of a beautiful day; savings and loan and bank failures; the writers father; and, the writers joke-playing cousin. Bellevue explains that your supporting paragraphs should provide rich, vivid imagery, or logical and specific supporting details, depending on your topic. A perfect supporting paragraph for the technology topic, discussed previously, could draw on current events. In its Jan. 20-21, 2018, weekend edition, The Wall Street Journal ran an article titled, Digital Revolution Upends Ad Industry: A Divide Between Old Guard and New Tech Hires. The article described in searing detail, how one of the worlds biggest ad agencies lost a major Mcdonalds advertising account to a relative upstart  because the fast-food chain felt the older agency was not adept enough at using data to quickly produce online ads and target minute slices of its customer base. The younger, hipper, agency, by contrast, had worked with Facebook Inc. and Alphabet Incs Google to assemble a team of data experts. You could use this news story to illustrate how technology- and a need for workers who understand it and are able to use it- is taking over the world and is changing entire industries. The Conclusion Just as a hamburger needs a durable bottom bun to contain all the ingredients inside, your essay needs a strong conclusion to support and buttress your points. You can also think of it as the  closing argument  a prosecutor might make in a criminal court case. The closing arguments section of a trial takes place when the prosecution attempts to strengthen the evidence she presented to the jury.  Even though the prosecutor likely provided solid and compelling arguments and evidence during the trial, it isnt until the closing arguments that she ties it all together. In the same way, youll restate your main points in the conclusion in reverse order of how you listed them in your introduction. Some sources call this an upside-down triangle: The intro was a triangle that was right-side up, where you started with a short, razor sharp point- your hook- which then fanned out slightly to your topic sentence and broadened further with your mini-outline. The conclusion, by contrast, is an upside-down triangle that starts by broadly reviewing the evidence- the points you made in your supporting paragraphs- and then narrows to your topic sentence and a restatement of your hook. In this way, youve logically explained your points, restated your main idea, and left readers with a zinger that hopefully convinces them of your point of view. Source Bullock, Richard. The Little Seagull Handbook with Exercises. Michal Brody, Francine Weinberg, Third edition, W. W. Norton Company, December 22, 2016.

Human Resources in Business Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Human Resources in Business - Essay Example Tests are generally perceived as a fairer to the selection decisions, because they judge everyone on the same basis, rather than being based on exams and results taken years ago at university institutions. When a candidate has completed a psychometric test, had passed a solid behavioral interview and personality profile and has been through a role play presentation with the recruiter, the human resources have covered all basic ground they need in order to make a reasonable decision about who to offer the position. They are cost-beneficial in the long term, because are relatively cheap and easy to supervise, because the answered are not monitored by correct answers. However, providing feedback can be tedious sometimes, because it requires concentration and evaluation, which takes more time. Standardized tests can often be subjective, because different people view differently test questions. Interpreting the question depends to a greater degree on the cultural and educational background, on its family values and personal attitude. Also results in assessing candidates could be different depending on the evaluator. This is so, because when answering the test questions, the candidates might be affected by their current moods, or being under stress, so the standartization of the tests might not answays interpret the results in favour of the candidates. Respondents can intentionally project and portray themselves in a light very different if they had a face to face interview. Some of the people can respond to the questions in a way that is not genuine, implies self-promotion and deliberately leaves wrong impression to the recruiter. There is a certain risk involved for the candidates when they have to engage themselves in lengthy tests, before they have the opportunity to first discuss their role and job position with the recruiter. Overtiredness and loss of time, if the

Leadership style Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Leadership style - Essay Example There are many leadership styles, and all have consequences on the organizational productivity. Some may lead to improved productivity while others lower the workers’ morale. This essay is a critique of the leadership styles of two leaders of X&Y Company. It also presents an assessment of the value of Hersey and Blanchard’s situational model as an explanation of their leadership behavior. It involves consideration of the Anglo context of Likert’s ideas and their generality to the professional group of Hickson and Pugh’s groups of societies. The production manager of X&Y company demonstrates bureaucratic leadership whereby all the organizational processes are carried out according to the laid out procedures, and every member of the organization’s staff understands his/her role in the process (Huczynski and Buchanan, 2007 p 36). None of them has a right to change any of the steps involved. Decision making process in the production department follows the conventional plan that was developed in 1999 when the organization was launched. No inventions have been adopted since that time. However, the department deals with processes involving high risks. Any action that deviates from the schedule may adversely affect the organization as a result of accidents that may result. Following particular procedures is therefore appropriate for this department. On the other hand, there is a tendency for dissatisfaction of the staff due to monotony and rigidity of leadership. The employees in this department complain of exhaustion and claim that the leader demoralizes them since they do not have a chance to raise decisions. There are no flexible practices such as off duties and shifts since the leader argues that every worker has experience and knowledge in the particular sections such as operating machinery, and dealing with the

The Exorcist Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 1

The Exorcist - Essay Example "Purposefully raw and profane, this novel still has the extraordinary ability to literally shock us into forgetting that it is 'just a story'. The Exorcist remains a truly unforgettable reading experience." - Stanley Wiater. The book tells the story of what happens when the actress finds her child behaving most peculiarly; after extensive medical examinations and visits to the psychiatrist, the mother decides that the child is possessed, and the child then begins talking in strange voices, shrieking and committing obscenities and violently abusing herself and any one who approaches her. The Exorcist explored areas and realms of fear in numerous different ways. The clash between good and evil was depicted incredibly emotionally and graphically in this novel, and the significantly obvious religious motives in the film caused incredibly controversy among most of the overall audience, while the Catholic Church in fact embraced the strength of the film's religious overtones. The perhaps most explored forms of fear which are depicted in fact take place between Regan and herself - Regan and Regan with the demon speaking from within her; such as when she speaks a language which both her mother and the priest claim, quite obviously, that she herself would never have known. At first the priest does not want to do an exorcism,... Both men come off as incredibly strong, faithful individuals, but when Priest Karras hears Regan tell him of his mother's death, he becomes incredibly frightened. He asks Regan's mother as he's leaving the house whether there was any way Regan could have known of his mother's death, to which she replied, "Not at all. Why'd you ask" "It's not important good night." Responded Karras. This shows how although Karras is obviously fearful, understanding and realizing for sure at this point that Regan is possessed, he does not want to put any further strain on the mother, and rather than telling her, he leaves and consoles in himself, understanding now what he has to do. The exorcism itself is incredibly lengthy, and unexplainably ruthless, putting Karras to most likely the greatest challenge and testament of his life. Each person in the novel is put through their own test of fears and strengths, although all end up with positive resolutions. There is certainly a significant validity to the exploration of such fears as these, and in regards to whether or not the novel 'goes too far'; basically depends on the reader's opinion. I believe that the novel does not go too far, but rather shows an occurrence in life - whether based on an actual event or not - which must be taken in great seriousness and understanding. The issue of faith, strength, and belief in a higher power are all explored heavily in this novel, and yet each exploration is truly helpful in its own way. When Karras reenters Regan's bedroom near the end of the novel, and sees Merrin's face down on her bed and realizes that he is dead, he loses control, grabbing Regan and throwing her to th e floor, shaking her and nearly strangling her in his fury. This is

Will the Internet Kill Television Research Paper

Will the Internet Kill Television - Research Paper Example Since the internet began to get a foothold among the younger members of our society, television watching has slowly seen a decline in its demographic. With teenagers opting to spend more of them viewing time online due to the vast variety of available viewing material and the ease with which they can access the same. The constantly evolving faces of the computer has allowed teenagers and people in general, to bring their entertainment with them on the road, never missing an episode of their favorite program or the premier of a much awaited and talked about show. The internet has in effect, changed the television landscape as we know it. This paper will use the most up to date information culled from scholarly sources that will help me to shed light of the question â€Å"Will the internet Kill Television?† Using a variety of factual data, I will attempt to bring discussion closer to those involved for a better understanding of the topic. In conclusion, I will make a prediction about how I see the viewing habits of people 10 years from now and if it will still involve television viewing, or a dominance of internet viewing instead. 1. What does scholarly research have to say about teenagers and the amount of television they watch? Will these trends broaden to include other demographic groups? Experts have said that up until 2008, teenagers have spent an unhealthy amount of time in front of the television. During this period of time, teenagers were observed to have been spending more than 30 hours of their time daily watching the boob tube. Longer exposure time to television screens were also seen to have spiked during the high school years of these individuals. Tracie A. Barnett, PhD., who led the observational study in 2008 explains that: â€Å"Boys and those whose parents had lower educational attainment were much more likely to be in the 'high-screen time' group. Teens with high levels of screen time may be at increased risk of obesityâ€Å" (American Heart Association n. pag.). This was the analysis that her team concluded after observing 1,293 students in Montreal high schools. The study was conducted using a combination of surveys and questionnaires four times a year covering a span of 5 years. These figures have changed over the past 4 years though. By the time 2012 rolled around, the European Travel Commission TrendWatch indicated that there was a significant shift in the television viewing habits of teens. They were now more preoccupied with watching internet based content than television streamed content. This is attributed to the increasing shortening attention span of most teenagers today. Their data indicates that these teens are connected 24/7 and being constantly online has changed the way that they use their television screen time (â€Å"Demographics† n. pag.): 23% of all teens (aged 13 to 17) own a tablet, 27% when it comes to girl - 80% own a computer - 78% own a cellphone and 37% a smartphone. It was noted in the study however, that the â€Å"hyperconnected generation† as their generation has become known, gains a positive influence from being more connected to their computer screens than their television screens. Although concerns about becoming gadget independent, shallow consumers of information, and instant gratification, which were also concerns raised by experts when television was first beginning to gain a foothold in our society, still exists and does not show

Reflection paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 11

Reflection paper - Essay Example Specifically, the emotional intelligence (EI) skills I have learned in this semester shall enable me to understand my strengths and weaknesses as a public administrator, the effects of those qualities on my workmates and the public in general as well as my effectiveness in different capacities. The EI skills shall enable me to acknowledge the origin of tension and other risks that impede normal working relationships in public administration and identify emotional undercurrents that work best in every situation. As such, I will be more capable to manage my impulses and emotions as well as maintain knowledge of the social needs and interests of various stakeholders in public administration1. The capacity to identify and summon appropriate emotions within me and in others will definitely contribute towards my effectiveness as an administrator. By accurately assessing the feelings of my subordinates, for instance, I will use the outcomes to manage their emotions so as to achieve the overall goals of the organization. This is especially true considering that knowledge of the emotions will play a pivotal role in improving my decision making capacities in respect of their administration. And researchers have noted, owing to my massive EI skills, I will be able to make accurate assessments of emotions and thus make an effective judgment about those which are associated with opportunities or challenges, and thus make appropriate decisions based on their respective potential impacts2. In addition, the EI skills I have obtained already will enable me to develop the capacities to motivate subordinates by identifying their emotions and modeling their behavioral changes to the better. As a public administrator, I will be ready and better-placed to handle conflicting demands of administration policy requirements and public needs, for instance, by managing stress occasioned by the conflict by taking a middle-ground stance. A public

The Effects of Migration on the Labor Market in Bucharest Research Paper

The Effects of Migration on the Labor Market in Bucharest - Research Paper Example This research will also be descriptive and explanatory because descriptive data will be collected from the internet, businesses, individuals and journals on the subject area. The effects of migration on the labour market in Romania are an interesting topic for discussion, given the country's recent accession into the European Union (EU) in 2007 (Kotzeva and Pauna 2006). For instance, Romania is considered to have a high percentage of low-cost labour, which would affect other EU members' labour markets (Kotzeva and Pauna 2006), however, the greater issue is that of the highly skilled market. It's accession into the EU also meant that the labour market in Romania had to become flexible in order to meet market demands and development (Kotzeva and Pauna 2006), but this was a task on its own given the low cost base. Between the years 2000 and 2004, Romania experienced an increase in unemployment of 5% which was attributed to its policies of limiting real wage adjustment at a time of employment decline (Kotzeva and Pauna 2006). ... This increase in unemployment could be attributed to the non-employment of various groups within the community, such as women and those in their old age. For instance, in the UK and other countries it is widely accepted that women make up the bulk of the part time working industry. However, the World Bank (2004) reports that the participation of women in the labour market, has declined due to feeling discouraged with the lack of employment opportunities. This demonstrates that the labour market in Romania, is probably one which caters for a select few. In addition to this, the labour market is threatened with decline as Romania is experiencing a negative population trend (World Bank 2004) which further depletes the labour pool. This brief background to Romania's labour market is particularly important for studies into the hotel and hospitality industry which are labour intensive industries. The hotel industry will depend largely on the tourist potential of Romania, which it already has, in the form of protected national parks, the Black Sea coast and other eco-heritage sites. However, the flow of tourists to the country is low (Pop et al 2007) which means that the hotel industry is not operating at its peak capacity. The implications this has for labour is that, more employees are made redundant, as well as job positions due to a long-term decline in business. The other implication is that, the hotel industry ceases to become a desirable employment destination. It can be argued that other countries have periods of low activity and low hotel occupancy, however, the hotel industry thrives in other countries because of the level of

Reflection paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 11

Reflection paper - Essay Example Specifically, the emotional intelligence (EI) skills I have learned in this semester shall enable me to understand my strengths and weaknesses as a public administrator, the effects of those qualities on my workmates and the public in general as well as my effectiveness in different capacities. The EI skills shall enable me to acknowledge the origin of tension and other risks that impede normal working relationships in public administration and identify emotional undercurrents that work best in every situation. As such, I will be more capable to manage my impulses and emotions as well as maintain knowledge of the social needs and interests of various stakeholders in public administration1. The capacity to identify and summon appropriate emotions within me and in others will definitely contribute towards my effectiveness as an administrator. By accurately assessing the feelings of my subordinates, for instance, I will use the outcomes to manage their emotions so as to achieve the overall goals of the organization. This is especially true considering that knowledge of the emotions will play a pivotal role in improving my decision making capacities in respect of their administration. And researchers have noted, owing to my massive EI skills, I will be able to make accurate assessments of emotions and thus make an effective judgment about those which are associated with opportunities or challenges, and thus make appropriate decisions based on their respective potential impacts2. In addition, the EI skills I have obtained already will enable me to develop the capacities to motivate subordinates by identifying their emotions and modeling their behavioral changes to the better. As a public administrator, I will be ready and better-placed to handle conflicting demands of administration policy requirements and public needs, for instance, by managing stress occasioned by the conflict by taking a middle-ground stance. A public

Tradional Dance Essay Example for Free

Tradional Dance Essay The Ibans perform a unique dance called the ngajat. It serves many purposes depending on the occasion. During Gawais, it is used to entertain the people who in the olden days enjoy graceful ngajats as a form of entertainment. The origin of this indigenous dance is not clearly known but it is believed to have been in existence along with the Iban tribe since the 16th Century. The Ngajat dance is believed to have been performed by warriors on their return from battles. . The male dancers wear large feathers as part of their headgear, hold an ornate and long shield in their hand with chains, beads and a loincloth called the ‘cawat’. The female dancers have an elaborate headdress, chains, beads and a ‘dress’ that reaches to below their knees with intricate weaving. Traditionally this dance was only performed by male dancers but not anymore. The dance is arranged straight lines and in a circle and does involve dramatic leaps and jumps performed by the male dancers. If the real tradition, the music if we dance ngajat we use the life music which have someone o group who play the music such as gong, Gongs and other ethnic percussion instruments such as the ‘enkeromong’, ‘bendai’, ‘canang’ and ‘dumbak or ketebong’ provide the music. The musicians may be either male oThe pride in knowing how to perform the ‘ngajat,’ the Iban traditional dance must be kept burning among the Iban youngsters. The young Ibans should look back to the days of their parents or forefathers when there was so much pride in knowing how to perform the ‘ngajat’. Ngajat is a warrior dance of the Iban tribe in Sarawak. It is said that ngajat is performed by the warriors upon their successful return, to celebrate their victory in battle. Today, the dance is performed as part of the Gawai Dayak celebrations. When performing the dance, the male dancers wear a headgear made from the tail feathers of the hornbill (though nowadays most likely artificial feather may be used, to save the birds). He holds a long sword in one hand and an ornately decorated shield in the other. Around his chest are necklaces made of beads and cowrie shells, and he wore a ceremonial cawat, or loincloth. The dancer make slow movements, as though stalking the enemy. This is interspersed with dramatic prances as though he is leaping forward to attack. The dance is performed accompanied by the music from tribal musical instruments, usually percussions, including the enkeromong, bendai, canang and dumbak or ketebong. There are several Ngajat dance such as Ngajat Induk, Ngajat bebunoh, Ngajat Lesong, Ngajat Semain, Ngajat Berayah and Ngajat â€Å"â€Å"Ngemai antu pala† Moreover, it symbolize the happy ending of another cycle of padi planting season, welcoming the God of Farming to the feast and giving thanks for the bountiful and successful harvest. In the past, a â€Å"Ngajat Semain† was performed by young Iban boys and girls who have just complete their Ngajat lessons taught to them after the heavy work of clearing the forest and burning season is over. The tempo of this Ngajat performed by the girls is slow and graceful displaying the beautiful design pattern of the newly completed â€Å"Pua Kumbu† woven by the girls during the farming cycle. As for the young boys, the tempo is also slow displaying their martial artistic and balancing skills in preparation to enter their adulthood life. This means that they will take more adult responsibility in the next farming season. This is also an opportunity for them to display their beautiful costumes, headgears, amulets such as Engkerimok, Simpai, Tumpa Bala and of course their new fully decorated swords and its design. At the present day, the Ngajat music and dance are perform to preserve the Iban Culture and for the younger generation to value the unique of it the dancer dance follow the music that have a group who play the music. These is the traditional dane,which the most popular in Sarawak.

Analysis Of Operation: Market Garden

Analysis Of Operation: Market Garden On September 17, 1944, the Allied forces commenced an enormous airborne attack code named Market Garden from southern England airfields.The operation landed over 34,600 men of which 20,011 landed by parachute, 14,589 by glider. Gliders dropped a further 1,736 vehicles and 263 artillery pieces. The operation, 1st Allied Airborne Corps paratroopers, mainly consisted of the first British Airborne Division, the US 82nd and 101st Airborne Divisions. The aim was to seize several strategic bridges over the Rhine River in the Netherlands and the 2nd British Army (led by General Dempsey), in particular, XXX Corps commanded by General Sir Brian Horrock to join the airborne units by ground. The intention was to create a by-pass or corridor to be used by the Allied armies to press forward and force the Wehrmacht out of Holland. The Allies army would then push further into Germany and attack Hitlers soldiers. For a nine-day period, the Allied forces engaged the remnants of a retreating Nazi army in and just about the towns of Eindhoven, Arnhem and Nijmegen, in Holland. The plan though backfired when Horrocks XXX Corps were not able to advance to support the airborne army and the Nazi in Arnhem decisively overpowered the paratroopers. The Allies eventually withdrew the remaining troops on September 26 after suffering about 17,000 casualties and having about 7,000 men captured. This paper analyses the Market Garden operations planning and capabilities and analyses the possible lessons that were learned and are to be learned for future military operations. Introduction Operation Market Garden, the largest airborne operation of its time  [1]  , was a joint military operation intended to end the World War II with a decisive strike in Holland and Germany. On 17 September 1944 thousands of paratroopers descended either using parachute or glider up to miles behind enemy lines. The tactical aim was to seize a succession bridges across the Meuse River and the Rhine (both the Waal and the lower Rhine) together with several canals and tributaries to enable swift movement by armored units. To Cross the Lower Rhine would enable the Allies to outflank the Siegfried Line and surround the Ruhr, Germanys industrial heart. The strategic idea was to enable the Allied forces to cross the Rhine River, the last major natural hurdle before advancing into Germany. If the operation were executed according to its plan, the Second World War II would have ended by the end of December 1944. The operation was a success in the initial stages with a good number of bridges between Eindhoven and Nijmegen being captured. Nonetheless, the advancement of the ground force was held up by the Wilhelmina Canal bridge demolition at Son hence delaying the seizure of the main road bridge over the Meuse seizure until 20 September. At Arnhem, the British First Airborne Division met a far stronger opposition than expected. In the subsequent combat, only a tiny force was able to hold one end of the Arnhem Bridge. After the failure by the ground force to help them, the Nazi overran them on 21 September. The reminder of the division that was ensnared west of the bridge in a small pocket had to be rescued 25 September. The Allies failed to go over the Rhine in adequate strength and the river continued being an obstacle to their advancement. This ended the operations hopes concluding the war in 1944. The operational level of the joint campaign Planning British General Montgomerys plan was to employ the use of four parachute divisions to grab hold of crucial bridges over various rivers in Holland. On achieving this, he would move armored ground forces up the road that connected the bridges. After going the Lower Rhine at Arnhem, Montgomery would then strengthen his forces and force into Germany, possibly concluding the war December. His senior, Major General Ike Eisenhower, agreed to the plan. He sought to defeat the Germans and these plans appeared to hold promise. The operation plan was for a joint attack by air and ground military forces along a constricted but extended battlefield so as to take control of strategic bridges at Son, Veghel, Grave, Nijmegen and, finally Arnhem. The assaults plan of action was made up of two operations. These were coded Market and Garden. Market, code name for parachute operations, was executed by the First Allied Airborne Army led by Lieutenant General Lewis H. Brereton and was to seize bridges and other terrain. These airborne attackers were under Lieutenant-General Frederick Browning led I Airborne Corps tactical command. Garden operations, code name for the ground operations, were carried out on the ground by the forces of the Second Army led by XXX Corps commanded by Lieutenant-General Brian Horrocks and were to move north  [2]  . Market From the six divisions of the First Allied Airborne Army, Market was to utilize four. Major General Maxwell D. Taylors, U.S. 101st Airborne Division was to drop in two locations. This was in order to seize the bridges at Son and Veghel (northwest of Eindhoven), situated north of XXX Corps. Brigadier General James M. Gavin was to lead The 82nd Airborne Division, as it dropped northeast of the first division to take control of the bridges at Grave and Nijmegen. The third division, comprising of the British First Airborne Division, commanded by Major-General Roy Urquhart and Polish 1st Independent Parachute Brigade led by Brigadier General StanisÅ‚aw Sosabowski would drop at the far north end of the route. This division was to capture the bridge at Arnhem (road) and the one at Oosterbeek (rail). The last Market division was the 52nd (Lowland) Infantry Division. It was to be flown to the seized Deelen Airfield on D+5. The First Allied Airborne Army had been formed on August 16 following the British requests for a harmonized command center for airborne operations. On June 20, General Eisenhower approved the idea. The Britons had wanted a British officer, and in particular Browning be chosen the commander. Browning was appointed and brought his full staff with him on the operation. Together with his staff he was to institute his field Headquarters. For the reason that majority of both the troops and the airplanes were American, a U.S. Army Air Forces officer, Brereton, was appointed by SHAEF. Though Brereton was inexperienced in airborne operations, he had broad experience in air force command and this, which gave him a practical understanding of the IX Troop Carrier Command operations. Landing over 34,600 men, Market would turn out to be the hugest airborne operation ever. Market landed 20,011 troops by parachute and a further 14,589 by glider. Gliders dropped 1,736 vehicles and 263 artillery pieces. A further 3,342 tons of ammunition and extra supplies were dropped using glider and parachute  [3]  . Under its operations control, the First Allied Airborne Army had the command of the 14 groups of IX Troop Carrier  [4]  , the 16 squadrons of 38 Group, a converted RAF bomber group, and 46 Group, a transport outfit  [5]  . This was in order to enable it deliver its 36 battalions of airborne infantry and their support troops to the continent. The Market had 321 converted RAF bombers and 1,438 C-47/Dakota transports. After Normandy, the Allied glider force had been revamped so as it boasted 2,160 CG-4A Waco gliders, 64 General Aircraft Hamilcars and 916 Airspeed Horsas by September 16. Since the U.S. could only avail just 2,060 glider pilots, none of its glid ers would have a co-pilot. Instead, each would carry an additional passenger  [6]  . The C-47s were to serve as both the paratrooper transports and the glider tugs. For this reason, coupled with the fact that IX Troop Carrier Command would carry the two British parachute brigades, market could only transport 60% of the ground forces in one lift. This limit led to the decision to split the troop lift program into consecutive days. Ninety percent of the transports on day one would drop troops on parachute, with an equal percentage delivering gliders on day two. Brereton threw out the idea of having two airlifts on day one. This, though, had been achieved during Operation Dragoon  [7]  . 17 September fell on a dark moon; days following this day had the new moon set ahead of dark. Since the Allied airborne policies forbid major operations in total absence of light, this operation would have to be undertaken in daylight  [8]  . The possibility of Luftwaffe interception was calculated minute due to the cruising air supremacy of Allied fighters. Nevertheless, concerns rose about the escalating figure of flak units in the Netherlands, particularly around Arnhem. With his understanding of tactical air operations, Brereton evaluated that flak repression would be adequate to allow the troop carriers operate devoid of excessive loss. The offensive in the South of France had showed that large-scale daytime airborne operations were practicable. Day operations were judged to have the capability of enabling a greater navigational precision and time-compressed by the resulting waves of aircraft. This would triple the number of troops possibly delivered per hour. It would also cut the time required to assemble units after landing on the drop zone by two-thirds  [9]  . IX Troop Carrier Commands aircrafts were tasked with towing gliders and dropping paratroopers tasks that could not be executed simultaneously. Even though every division commander called for two drops on day one, Breretons staff only planned only one lift. This decision was based on the need to get ready for the first drop by attacking German flak positions for half a day and a forecast, which proved incorrect, that the area would be having clear weather conditions for four days, hence permitting drops during those days  [10]  . The preparations were declared complete just after one week. (Sicily and Normandy airborne drops took months to plan and prepare) Gavin, the U.S. 82nd Airborne Division commander, was skeptical of the strategy. In his diary he noted, It looks very rough. If I get through this one I will be very lucky. He criticized Browning highly claiming that he lacked the standing, influence and judgment that is obtained only from a proper troop experience. He labeled his staff superficial and claimed that the British units fumble along and their tops lack the competence, which they never get down to learn the hard way  [11]  . Garden The garden was primarily made up of XXX Corps. It was at first led by the Guards Armored Division, and the 43rd Wessex division in reserve alongside the 50th Northumbrian Infantry Division. They were projected, on the first day, to arrive at the south end of the 101st Airborne Divisions area, the 82nds by the second day and by the forth day latest to be at the 1sts. The airborne divisions were scheduled to the link with XXX Corps in the Arnhem bridgehead breakout  [12]  . To have the airborne force fight for four days unsupported was not wise. Furthermore, the Allied paratroopers did not have sufficient anti-tank weapons. Allied intelligence pointed out that the enemy had sparingly manned the front. It appeared to the allied high command that the German resistance had receded before Operation Market Garden started. The German Fifteenth Army occupying the area seemed to be running away from the Canadians. Further, they were known not to have Panzer groups. In truth, the Germans were re-arming and strengthening in the area. Two panzer divisions were furthermore placed in the Arnhem area. The high command imagined that XXX Corps would face limited opposition on their way up Highway 69 and little armor. In the contrary German units, though weaker both in manpower and equipment still had several tanks and were forces to reckon with. Seventeen days to the D Day By September 1, General Ike Eisenhower, after assuming the ground forces personal command from Montgomery, was faced with three problems. The first was the emergence of contradictory strategies on how best to attack the Nazi forces. The second problem was the overstretched Allied logistics and the broken lines of communication because of the hasty advances. The Allies were experiencing low supplies, especially the fuel whose supply was at critically low levels. Finally, Ike was faced with constant squabbling and opposition over strategy and resources that was the mark of his commanding Generals relations. Even though a general strategy for confronting the Germans had been discussed in the past by the operation leaders, the successful carrying out of Overlord had exposed a poor follow-on strategy. Victories in France had speeded up the operation; the pace of the Allied operations gave o room for the development of strategy. Montgomery presented Eisenhower with a strategy to overpower Hitler in mid August. He (Montgomery) had been mulling over how the Allies should be handled after breakout. The plan he suggested involved a single massive thrust through Belgium and Netherlands and finally terminating at the Ruhr Valley. With expansion and redeployment of supplies from Bradley and Patton, he suggested that his 21st Army Group carry out his plan. Additionally, he wanted three divisions of Eisenhowers extremely well skilled reserve paratroopers, to carpet several cities in Netherlands. The paratroopers would seize strategic bridgeheads over the Rhine forming a corridor which the British army could walk through. Once Ruhr was opened up, Montgomery reasoned, Germany would go down rapidly since the Allies would capture major German industries. General Ike did not like Montgomerys proposal of a single thrust. He favored a broad front attack similar to the one successfully used by Allied forces during the Normandy assault. Ike felt that one thrust as proposed by Montgomery would easily reveal the plans of the Allied forces. With a dual pronged approach, the Nazi would have to take a guess on where the next assault would be. The second problem for Eisenhowers, and perhaps more pressing was the logistical problem. Something had to be done about the long supply lines. The fuel shortages and insufficient transportation had to be dealt with first. The Allies were receiving supplies through the beaches of Normandy but there was a shortage of trucks to transport the necessities to the armies. The deteriorating weather was making unloading the supplies on the landing beaches almost impossible. Ike urgently required a deep-water port to move supplies to the battlefront. Additionally, as the Germans moved back they destroyed most of shipping infrastructure on the coastal harbors. The regular wrangling and competition amongst Ikes generals aggravated the situation. Other Generals profiled Montgomery as difficult. His pitch for a single thrust operation strengthened the animosity feelings. Montgomery ceaselessly complained to Ike about the quantity of supplies his soldiers received. He was constantly pressing for precedence on fuel and ammunition. After Ike assumed personal command of the ground operations in Europe, the state of affairs deteriorated. A divisive command problem arose out of this decision. Montgomery could not be appointed the Supreme Allied forces commander due to political reasons. This was despite the fact that he was a distinguished military leader with experience from not only North Africa but also in Overlord. Montgomery wanted to be appointed the ground armies commander and lobbied Ike hard for the same. Eisenhower chose to retain the duty and as such, he continually met open defiance from Montgomery and a few number of his British Generals. Montgomery imagined that he was a more qualified commander and for this together with the command and control issue, antagonistically opposed Eisenhower on almost all-tactical decisions. This explicit contempt created a lot more tension, distrust, and turmoil in the Allied camp. Up until now, a very patient Eisenhower never acted on Montgomery. It was after Market Ga rden commenced that he threatened to escalate the issue to Marshall and Churchill. Montgomerys Chief of Staff at last settled the matter before Ike escalated it hence sparing Montgomery the sack. General Eisenhower approved to the Montgomery plan on 4 September after review. This was in part an attempt to calm and tone down the belligerent Montgomery and chiefly as after realization that it was a chance for him to seize a deep-water port. The Market Garden plan was audacious and risky. It was uncharacteristic of the usually conservative Montgomery. After the approval, Ike provided General Montgomery with semi permanent fuel and ammunition supply priority. He then moved the US 1st Army commanded by General Hodges to the British southern line, until Antwerp was secured by the Allies. He wanted the remaining Nazi resistance on the ports of Antwerp and Le Havre cleared. This would give his forces the vital deep-water ports, hence considerably reducing the time of delivery for important war reserve resources to the front line forces. The sustainment essential for the next stage of the operations, that is, the march into Germany and the seizure of Berlin, had to be covered. This was dependent upon successful capture of a port with a capacity of supporting a force of over two million men. Antwerp was the only European port capable of that. Montgomery was incensed with the proposal of a double thrust, which incorporated the Saar valley. On September 4, Montgomery captured the port of Antwerp. Ike then, against the wishes of his staff, allowed Montgomery to move into Belgium without clearing the pockets of Nazi resistance in Scheldt Estuary. He was also convinced by Montgomery to permit Market Garden to go ahead as scheduled instead of delaying the operation to clear the port as was proposed by Bradley and Patton. The Operation On 17 September, in the afternoon, Operation Market Garden commenced. The American 101st airborne division parachuted on the southern end while the American 82nd Airborne dropped to the north and attacked the Waal River Bridge at Nijmegen. The British First Airborne division together with the Polish brigade attacked their target, the bridges at Arnhem, further north. After all the three airborne divisions were on the ground, the British XXX Corps embarked on their assault and drove up the road. It was estimated that the XXX Corps would take no more than 3 days to arrive at the British at Arnhem. For the previous Allied airborne operations, drop zones for the paratroopers and gliders were as a rule of thumb as close to the target as could be so to elicit maximum surprise and to allow the enemy less reaction time to recover. The American drop zones for this offensive were no different. However, the British 1st airborne drop zones were far away from the target, i.e., the crucial bridges . They wanted to circumvent taking casualties to their planes by flying over what they imagined might be anti-aircraft guns concentration in the area. The bridges were in built-up zones so gliders could of course not land. Additionally the ground to the south of the bridges was imagined by the British generals to be too soft for gliders entirely discounting the fact that the Polish paratroopers would be dropping in the very same zone later. The drop zone selections led to the landing of some paratroopers of the First Airborne on top of the Nazi 10th SS Panzer Division. After landing, divisional radio sets were found to be tuned into the wrong frequencies. This made radio communication between units impossible. A small part of the British troopers contingent took the main Arnhem highway bridge on the north end. However, intense battle barred reinforcement for this small force. On the southern end of the river, the ninth SS Panzer controlled the bridges other end. Finally, the small British army at the bridge gave way to the superior Nazi forces. The rest of the division resiliently hung on in a small pocket on the rivers north a few miles away from the bridge. The polish troopers who parachuted on the south side of the river could not provide any significant backing. They merely fought to save their lives against the now fully alerted Nazi forces. The first day was aeronautically splendid for an airdrop. As the days went on, the weather conditions deteriorated. The second wave was unable to drop for a further four more days. To the south, the first gains of the 82nd and 101st divisions Grave and Nijmegen seized bridges with minimal losses. The American 82nd Airborne took the Nijmegen Bridge the execution of an audacious river crossing in collapsible boats to assault and seize the bridge from the back. However, the XXX Corps joined them after number of days had passed. The highway connecting the bridges up to Arnhem steadily under counter attack by the Nazi forces and this caused many delays. Sections of this highway, to make matters worse, resembled an island on a dike and had with no maneuvering room. A single shot that took out the lead tank in a column could lead a delay going on for hours. Adequate infantry was not allocated to escort the tanks that were in the leading columns. It was taken that the American paratroopers w ould take up this task. However, the Americans had their own worries of keeping the corridor free of the Nazi attacks. This compromised the progress of XXX Corps after they crossed the Nijmegen Bridge and came to deal with the island road. More infantry was required; however, it was just not obtainable. As a result, XXX Corps assault stalled. The British First Airborne, on their part, just a few miles away across the river, was being chewed to bits. In time, the British First Airborne had to be withdrawn and evacuated from their front on the Lower Rhine through an audacious night rescue operation. The intention to oust the Nazi and perhaps end the Second World War by charismas had gone up in smoke. After nine days of fierce battle, the Allies withdrew. Incapable of rescuing their captured personnel, a large number of casualties and prisoners had to be forsaken. The Final Analysis The outcome rendered the Market Garden a nonviable operation. The objective was attainable but the strategy was full of flaws. For starters, the idea ended up to be hard one. The planners imagined that seizing the bridges would be as easy the seizure of the French bridges. Montgomery and the Allies, however, misjudged the incredible tenacity of Hitler and his Nazi army. Intelligence reports that Hitler soldiers along the Alhert Canal in Belgium, the Siegfried Line and in Arnhem had re-armed were received but disregarded by Montgomery. Additionally, Eisenhower was informed about the Nazi fortification; however, he did not personally challenge the plan on the bases of the intelligence reports. Alternatively, he opted to send Bedell Smith to Montgomery. Montgomery laughed of the idea of the aim was difficult simply for the reason that there were reports of Nazi tank potency at Arnhem. He would hear nothing about revising Market Garden  [13]  . Montgomery did not realize that there w as a terrain and topography variation between the lower Rhine and France. This meant the fact that a similar operation succeeded in France did not imply it would succeed in Holland. Roads were usually constricted and constructed on top of dikes. Road sections that were not raised flooded regularly slowing movements due to the clay mud. Additionally, the swampy, muddy land made maneuvering of the heavy gear hard. Ignoring his staffs counsel and Dempseys apprehension for a well-timed meeting with the paratroopers, Montgomery stubbornly pushed forward. Had intelligence report been paid attention to, the operation may perhaps have been discontinued or at least deferred. The narrow corridor did not afford Dempsey much room for maneuver and restricted his flexibility and ability to pull a surprise. In addition, the strategy was devoid of any air component except fighter escort and gliders transports. Modest coalition coordination was exercised in the preparation for operation Market Garden. Montgomery simply passed on the plan to his men for implementation. When Major General Maxwell Taylor voiced his oppositions to the landing zone for his men, Montgomery replied that was too late for the plan to be changed. Major Gen Roy Urquhart met the same lack of cooperation  [14]  . The strategy employed presumed that enough petroleum and ammunition would be available to carry out the plan. Montgomery was interested more in Bradley and Pattons fuel instead of taking the time to drive out the Nazi from the Scheldt Estuary. Seizing Scheldt wo uld have opened up Antwerp to supplies for the Allied. Further, Bradley and Pattons to the south could have diverted the Nazi manpower and resources and that would support Ikes extensive front approach. Not only was the strategy flawed, the resources were inadequate too. First, it was tactically naÃÆ' ¯ve and logistically erroneous to move through Antwerp without weakening pockets of Nazi resistance. The Nazi fight back proved heavy more so in the Scheldt Estuary, the key North Sea access. This barrier was not removed until November 1944. The failure to do so deprived the Allies of the badly required deep-water port. This reduced logistics lines and it was a blow to any more operations in Germanys interior. The inability to get rid of resistance also hindered Dempseys movement since he had to reroute combat troops to guard his flank. The airdrop was logistically hindered by having inadequate aircraft (transport and glider) to make a single jump as Montgomerys plan called for. The First Airborne even lacked sufficient radios for communication within themselves. When the second wave finally arrived, it was ill equipped to deal with the Panzer SS toughened threat. Bad weather caused the second wave delay foiling their plans of landing on D-Day. Though the weather conditions were fine for the first drop, it caused resupply and reinforcements delays for the Arnhem troops. The Germans took advantage of the poor weather exploiting the time to reinforce their manpower and other resources to respond to the Allies. As such, the aspect of Market Garden considered being the operation strength, the crack paratroopers, ended up limiting the Allied success severely. Montgomerys casual outlook toward the opposition meant the failure of the most effective tool available to the Operation. It is incomprehensible why Montgomery chos e to pay no attention to his brilliant and experienced men. He casually dismissed justifiable issues raised by experienced infantry and airborne officers. Major General Stanislaw Sosabowski articulated his fears to Montgomery that the plan to land his troops at Arnhem was catastrophic and that higher-ranking officers were culpable of reckless overconfidence  [15]  . Officers could do nothing to change his position and only sat in quiet frustration and follow orders. The only officer reputed to be capable of swaying Montgomery, Major General Freddie De Guingand, was outside Europe. It is important to point out that even though Montgomery was seen to be arrogant, it might have been with a good reason. He had been commanding ground forces during triumphant North African operation and Operation Overlord. To be fair to Montgomery, the Allies as a group exhibited this same overconfidence. They had been calmed into this joint cockiness and arrogance due to the swiftness with which their conquest came. The excitement of the operation led men to calm down extremely. Exhaustion and loss of focus started creeping on the mission. As evidenced by the consequent preparation and logistical shortfalls of the operation, the intelligence was misleading and gave the impression that the Nazi were severely weakened. With no sense of pressure, acute fatigue, and the consequent loss of focus, situations came up where troops moved with insufficient resources. The impetus and thrilling buoyancy by the Allied victories changed the force from what would have been a success, into an exag gerated and unfocused bunch thereby sustaining major and avoidable losses of gear and personnel. The strategy demanded the army to grab the initiative and hit speedily and surprise the worn out and inadequately prepared Nazi. Hitler, in hindsight, had correctly expected that Montgomery would head north to the Zuider Zee. He countered by placing Field Marshall Walter Model, his strongest general, in that front. Model at once lined up troops and started efforts to re-arm for the expected battle. He coordinated strategic barricading of highways and canals, and took the advantage of the weather and the Allies lack of the capacity to resupply and reinforce. He not only was able to hold the Arnhem Bridge, but also the city. His vigor and organizational brilliance were the reason the Nazi was able to hold off Market Garden. To sum up this misadventure, the timing required to scheme a speedy thrust was uncoordinated due to the unanticipated fight back by committed Nazi soldiers; the failure to drop the second batch of paratroopers owing to bad weather; the utter disregard with which intelligence reports were met with; and the poor communication. A combination of these factors created the worst Allied defeats of the time. Lessons from the defeat Operation Market Garden, without a doubt the biggest paratroop drop of its time, was also one of the most terrible operational failures. What strategy, or lack of it, could have resulted to such an unbelievable failure for the Allies? What lessons learned can apply to the contemporary and future military operations? Some timeless lessons are evident from the operations analysis: The first lesson applies at the strategic level. That it is necessary for military planners to stay focused on the political causes of a war. They must by no means lose sight of the political motivation of the primary conflict. The states political will and national interests will always play a major role in the coalition strategy development. For the reason that the US contributed the greater part of machinery, manpower, and finances to the Allied war effort, Eisenhowers appointment ahead of Montgomery as the ultimate Allied Commander was logical. He was always sensitive to political and higher-ranking milit

Comparing The Great Santini and Death of a Salesman :: comparison compare contrast essays

Comparing The Great Santini and Death of a Salesman Elementary school taught everyone that to compare and contrast two things, the best way to go about doing that is with a Venn diagram. Truthfully, this is an effective method, but it is quite rudimentary under the circumstances. "The Great Santini" by Pat Conroy and "Death of a Salesman" by Arthur Miller are two books that can become victims of the dreaded Venn diagram. The two stories are accounts of the lives of two families, each living out its version of the American Dream. The focus of both stories is on the father and how he interacts with everyone and everything around him. Bull Meechum of "The Great Santini" is a marine, raising his children as "hogs" and expecting only the best, if not better, from his brood. Willy Loman of "Death of a Salesman" also expects great things from his children, to the point that he refuses to believe that either of his sons is a failure, even when it is clear that they are. Although the two men themselves have many similarities, there are also other similarities between the two stories. One similarity is the role of the first son in the two anecdotes. Also, there is the role of the second child. Finally, both stories involve characters that are realizing what it means to be a man and what responsibilities come with the title. Bull Meechum is the father of four kids: two boys and two girls. His oldest son is Ben, a senior in high school who is well on his way to a career in basketball. As the son of a marine, Ben has been raised to take orders, no matter what the possible consequences may be. At the beginning of the story, Ben is talking to his father about his future. When Ben vehemently expresses his interest in pursuing basketball, Bull protests and reminds his son that he will serve in the marines for his four years, and then he can do whatever he wants. Unfortunately, Ben's basketball calling is cut short because of his father's hot headed insistence that Ben must take out a player on the other team, resulting in a broken arm and Ben's expulsion from the team.